Neuroethology / Neurobiology

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Original Papers on Toad Vision (selected by subject area)   Papers refer to Research, [webLinks] most with abstracts


  • Visual feature discrimination in prey-catching and predator-avoidance responses
  • Visual feature discrimination by responses in neurons and neuronal populations
  • Recordings of single neurons in freely moving toads
  • Central nervous interactions
  • Sensori-motor interface
  • Modification of feature discrimination by learning
  • Neuromodulation
  • Modeling feature discrimination
  • Reference articles
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Visual feature discrimination in prey-catching and predator-avoidance responses



Ewert J.-P. (1969) [Quantitive analysis of stimulus-reaction relations in the visually released orienting component of the prey-catching behaviour of the common toad (Bufo bufo L.)] Quantitative Analyse von Reiz-Reaktions-Beziehungen bei visuellem Auslösen der Beutefang-Wendereaktion der Erdkröte (Bufo bufo L.). German. Abstract available. Pflugers Arch. 308(3): 225-43 [webLink]
          
Ewert J.-P. (1970) Neural mechanisms of prey-catching and avoidance behavior in the toad (
Bufo bufo L.). Brain Behav. Evol. 3(1-4): 36-56 [webLink]


Wachowitz S., Ewert J.-P. (1996) A key by which the toad's visual system gets access to the domain of prey. Physiol. Behav. 60(3): 877-887
[webLink]

Borchers H.-W., Burghagen H., Ewert J.-P. (1978) Key stimuli of prey for toads (Bufo bufo L.): configuration and movement patterns. J. Comp. Physiol. 128: 189-192   [webLink]

Ewert J.-P., Arend B., Becker V., Borchers H.-W. (1979) Invariants in configurational prey selection by Bufo bufo (L.). Brain Behav. Evol. 16: 38-51 [webLink]

Beck A., Ewert J.-P. (1979) Prey selection by toads (Bufo bufo L.) in response to configurational stimuli moved in the visual field z,y-coordinates. J. Comp. Physiol. 129: 207-209 [webLink] 

Kutschera U., Burghagen H., Ewert J.-P. (2008) Prey-catching behaviour in mudskippers and toads: a comparative analysis. OnLine J. Biol. Sci. 8(2): 41-43 [webLink] 

Ewert, J.-P. (1985) Concepts in vertebrate neuroethology. Anim. Behav. 33(1): 1-29 [webLink]

Ewert J.-P., Burghagen H. (1979) Configurational prey selection by Bufo, Alytes, Bombina, and Hyla. Brain Behav. Evol. 16: 157-175 [webLink]

Traud, R. (1983) [Influence of moving  visual stimuli on the juvenile common toad (Bufo bufo L.)]. German.  Einfluss von visuellen Reizmustern auf die juvenile Erdkröte (Bufo bufo L.). Dissertation Dr. rer.nat., Abt. Neuroethologie, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Univ. Kassel

Kuhn, P. (2003) [Quantitative investigations on visually giuded prey-catching in the Chinese red-bellied toad Bombina orientalis during ontogeny]. German. Quantitative Untersuchungen über die visuelle Steuerung des Beutefangs der Chinesischen Rotbauchunke Bombina orientalis während der Ontogenese. Dissertation, Dr. rer. nat., Abt. Neurobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Univ. Kassel

Ewert J.-P., Gebauer L. (1973) [Size constancy phenomena in the prey-catching behavior of the common toad (Bufo bufo L.)]. German. Abstract available. Größenkonstanzphänomene im Beutefangverhalten der Erdkröte (Bufo bufo L.). J. Comp. Physiol. 85: 303-315  [webLink]

Ewert J.-P., Burghagen H. (1979) Ontogenetic aspects on visual 'size-constancy' phenomena in the midwife toad Alytes obstetricans (Laur.). Brain Behav. Evol. 16: 99-112  [weblink]

Ewert J.-P., Speckhardt I., Amelang W. (1970) [Visual inhibition and excitation in the prey-catching behavior of the common toad (Bufo bufo L.)]. German. Abstract available. Visuelle Inhibition und Exzitation im Beutefangverhalten der Erdkröte (Bufo bufo L.). Z. vergl. Physiol. 68: 84-110  [webLink]

Ewert, J.-P., Härter H.-A. (1969) [The inhibitory influence of several simultaneusly moving prey dummies on the prey-catching behavior of the common toad (Bufo bufo L.)]. German. Abstract available. Der hemmende Einfluß gleichzeitig bewegter Beuteattrappen auf das Beutefangverhalten der Erdkröte (Bufo bufo L.). J. Comp. Physiol. A 64(2): 135-153 [webLink]

Ewert, J.-P. (1968) [Behavioral investigations on stroboscopic vision in the common toad (Bufo bufo L.)]. German. Abstract available. Verhaltensphysiologische Untersuchungen zum „stroboskopischen Sehen der Erdkröte (Bufo bufo L). Pflügers Archiv 299: 158-166

Burghagen H., Ewert J.-P. (1983) Influence of the background for discriminating object motion from self-induced motion in toads Bufo bufo (L.). J. Comp. Physiol. 152: 241-249  [webLink]

Ewert J.-P., Burghagen H., Albrecht L., Kepper J. (1982) Effects of background structure on the discrimination of configurational moving prey dummies by toads Bufo bufo (L.). J. Comp. Physiol. A 147: 179-187  [webLink]

Burghagen H., Ewert J.-P. (1982) Question of "head preference" in response to worm-like dummies during prey capture of toads Bufo bufo. Behav. Processes 7: 295-306  [webLink]

Ewert J.-P., Traud R. (1979) Releasing stimuli for antipredator behaviour in the common toad Bufo bufo (L.). Behaviour 68: 170-180  [webLink]

Ewert J.-P., Rehn B. (1968) [Effect of visual stimuli on the release of escape behavior in the toad Bufo viridis.]. German. Wirksamkeit optischer Reizmuster beim Auslösen des Fluchtverhaltens der Wechselkröte. Naturwissenschaften 55(7): 352  [webLink]

Ewert J.-P., Rehn B. (1969) [Quantitative analysis of stimulus-response relationships in the release of escape behavior in the toad (Bufo viridis Laur.). German. Abstract available. Quantitative Analyse der Reiz-Reaktionsbeziehungen bei visuellem Auslösen des Fluchtverhaltens der Wechselkröte (Bufo viridis Laur.). Behaviour 35: 212-234

Visual feature discrimination by responses in neurons and neuronal populations


Ewert J.-P. (1974) The neural basis of visually guided behavior. Sci. Amer. 230(3): 34-42  [webLink]
                                               
Ewert J.-P., Hock F.J. (1972) Movement sensitive neurones in the toad's retina. Exp. Brain Res. 16: 41-59 [webLink]

Ewert J.-P., Borchers H.-W. (1974) [Response of retinal ganglion cells in freely moving toads (Bufo bufo L.)]. German. Abstract available. Antwort von retinalen Ganglienzellen bei freibeweglichen Kröten (Bufo bufo L.). J. Comp. Physiol. 92: 117-130  

Borchers H.-W., Ewert J.-P. (1978) Eye closure in toads (Bufo bufo L.) does not produce off responses in retinal on-off ganglion cells: A question of efferent commands. J. Comp. Physiol. A 125(4):  301-303  [webLink]

Ewert J.-P., Krug H., Schönitz G. (1979) Activity of retinal class R3 ganglion cells in the toad Bufo bufo (L.) in response to moving configurational stimuli: Influence of the movement direction. J. Comp. Physiol. A  129(3): 211-215  [webLink]

Ewert J.-P., Borchers H.-W. (1971) [Response characteristics of neurons in the optic tectum and subtectum of the common toad (Bufo bufo L.)]. German. Abstract available. Reaktionscharakteristik von Neuronen aus dem Tectum opticum und Subtectum der Erdkröte Bufo bufo (L.). Z. Vergl. Physiol. 71: 165-189  [webLink]

Ewert J.-P. (1971) Single unit response of the toad (Bufo americanus) caudal thalamus to visual objects. Z. Vergl. Physiol. 74: 81-102  [webLink]

Ewert J.-P., Wietersheim A. v. (1974) [Feature analysis by tectal and thalamic/pretectal nerve nets in the visual system of the toad (Bufo bufo L.)]. German. Abstract available. Musterauswertung durch tectale und thalamus/praetectale Nervennetze im visuellen System der Kröte (Bufo bufo L.). J. Comp. Physiol. 92: 131-148  [webLink]

Wietersheim A. v., Ewert J.-P. (1978) Neurons of the toad's (Bufo bufo L.) visual system sensitive to moving configurational stimuli – a statistical analysis. J. Comp. Physiol. 126: 35-42  [webLink]

Borchers H.-W., Ewert J.-P. (1979) Correlation between behavioral and neuronal activities of toads Bufo bufo (L.) in response to moving configurational prey stimuli. Behav. Processes 4: 99-106  [webLink]

Ewert J.-P., Borchers H.-W., von Wietersheim A. (1979) Directional sensitivity, invariance and variability of tectal T5 neurons in response to moving configurational stimuli in the toad Bufo bufo (L.). J. Comp. Physiol. A 132(3): 191-201 [webLink]

Spreckelsen C., Schürg-Pfeiffer E., Ewert J.-P. (1995) Responses in retinal and tectal neurons in non-paralyzed toads Bufo bufo and Bufo marinus to the real size versus angular size of objects moved at variable distance. Neurosci. Lett. 184: 105-108  [webLink]

Schürg-Pfeiffer E., Ewert J.-P. (1981) Investigation of neurons involved in the analysis of Gestalt prey features in the frog Rana temporaria. J. Comp. Physiol. 141: 139-152 [webLink]

Matsumoto N., Schwippert W.W., Ewert J.-P. (1986) Intracellular activity of morphologically identified neurons of the grass frog's optic tectum in response to moving configurational visual stimuli. J. Comp. Physiol. A 159: 721-739  [webLink]

Schürg-Pfeiffer E., Spreckelsen C., and Ewert J.-P. (1993) Temporal discharge patterns of tectal and medullary neurons chronically recorded during snapping toward prey in toads Bufo bufo spinosus. J. Comp. Physiol. A 173: 363-376  [webLink]

Tsai H.-J., Burghagen H., Schürg-Pfeiffer E., Ewert J.-P. (1983) Neuronal correlates of edge-preference in prey-catching behavior of toads Bufo bufo. Naturwissenschaften 70(6): 310-311 [webLink]

Tsai H.-J., Ewert J.-P. (1987) Edge preference of retinal and tectal neurons in common toads (Bufo bufo) in response to worm-like moving stripes – the question of behaviorally relevant "position indicators". J. Comp. Physiol. 161: 295-304  [webLink]
 
Ewert J.-P., Siefert G. (1974) Neuronal correlates of seasonal changes in contrast-detection of prey catching behaviour in toads (Bufo bufo L.). Vision Res. 14: 431-432 [webLink]

Ewert J.-P., Siefert G. (1974) Seasonal change of contrast detection in the toad's Bufo bufo (L.) visual system. J. Comp. Physiol. A 94(3): 177-186 177-186 [webLink]

Tsai H.-J., Ewert J.-P. (1988) Influence of stationary and moving textured backgrounds on the response of visual neurons in toads (Bufo bufo L.). Brain Behav. Evol. 32: 27-38  [webLink]

Finkenstädt T., Adler N.T., Allen T.O., Ebbesson S.O.E., Ewert J.-P. (1985) Mapping of brain activity in mesencephalic and diencephalic structures of toads during presentation of visual key stimuli – a computer assisted analysis of 14C-2DG autoradiographs. J. Comp. Physiol. A 156: 433-445  [webLink]

Finkenstädt T., Adler N.T., Allen T.O., Ewert J.-P. (1986) Regional distribution of glucose utilization in the telencephalon of toads in response to configurational visual stimuli – a 14C-2DG study. J. Comp. Physiol. A 158: 457-467  [webLink]

Laming P.R., Ewert J.-P. (1984) Visual unit, EEG and sustained potential shift responses to biologically significant stimuli in the brain of toads (Bufo bufo). J. Comp. Physiol. A 154: 89-101

Finkenstädt T., Ewert J.-P. (1983) Processing of area dimensions of visual key stimuli by tectal neurons in Salamandra salamandra. J. Comp. Physiol. A 153: 85-98 [webLink]

Finkenstädt T., Ewert J.-P. (1983) Visual pattern discrimination through interactions of neural networks: a combined electrical brain stimulation, brain lesion, and extracellular recording study in Salamandra salamandra. J. Comp. Physiol. A 153(1): 99-110 [webLink]

Recordings of single neurons in freely moving toads

Ewert J.-P. and Borchers H.-W. (1974) Inhibition of toad (Bufo bufo L.) retinal on-off and off-ganglion cells via active eye closing. Vision Research 14: 1275-1276 

Ewert J.-P. und Borchers H.-W. (1974) [Response of retinal ganglion cells in freely moving toads (Bufo bufo L.)]. German. Abstract available. Antwort von retinalen Ganglienzellen bei freibeweglichen Kröten (Bufo bufo L.). J. Comp. Physiol. 92: 117-130 [webLink]

Borchers H.-W. and Ewert J.-P. (1978) Eye closure in toads (Bufo bufo L) does not produce off-responses in retinal on-off ganglion cells: a question of efferent commands. J. Comp. Physiol. 125: 301-303 [webLink]

Pinkwart C. and Borchers H.-W. (1987) Miniature three-function transmitting system for single neuron recording, wireless brain stimulation and marking. J. Neurosci. Methods 20:341–352.

Schnellenpfeil, W. (1993) [Telemetric recordings of neurons of the mesencephalon and the medulla oblongata in the freely moving common toad (Bufo bufo L.)]. German. Telemetrische Ableitungen von Neuronen aus dem Mesencephalon und der Medulla oblongata der freibeweglichen Erdkröte (Bufo bufo L.). Dissertation Dr. rer.nat., Abt. Neuroethologie, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Univ. Kassel

Schürg-Pfeiffer E., Spreckelsen C., and Ewert J.-P. (1993) Temporal discharge patterns of tectal and medullary neurons chronically recorded during snapping toward prey in toads Bufo bufo spinosus. J. Comp. Physiol. A 173: 363-376 [webLink]

Spreckelsen C., Schürg-Pfeiffer E., and Ewert J.-P. (1995) Responses of retinal and tectal neurons in non-paralyzed toads Bufo bufo and B. marinus to the real size versus angular size of objects moved at variable distance. Neurosci. Lett. 184: 105-10 [webLink]

Central nervous interactions

Ewert J.-P. (1985) The Niko Tinbergen Lecture 1983 - Concepts in vertebrate neuroethology. Anim. Behav. 33: 1-29  [webLink]

Ewert J.-P. (1987) Neuroethology of releasing mechanisms: prey-catching in toads. Article for Open Peer Discussion. Behav. Brain Sci. 10: 337-405

Ewert J.-P. (1967) [Investigations on central nervous actions that underlie stimulus-specific habituation of the prey-catching orienting response in the common toad (Bufo bufo L.)]. German. Abstract available. Untersuchungen über die Anteile zentralnervöser Aktionen an der taxisspezifischen Ermüdung der Erdkröte (Bufo bufo L.). Z. Vergl. Physiol. 57: 263-298

Ewert J.-P. (1967) [Electric stimulation of the retinal projection field in the midbrain of the terrestrial toad (Bufo bufo L.)]. German. Abstract available. Elektrische Reizung des retinalen Projektionsfeldes im Mittelhirn der Erdkröte (Bufo bufo L.). Pflugers Arch .Gesamte Physiol. Menschen Tiere. 295(1): 90-98 [webLink]

Ewert J.-P. (1967) [Activation of the behavioral sequence of prey-catching in the common toad (Bufo bufo L.) by means of electrical midbrain stimulation]. German. Abstract available. Aktivierung der Verhaltensfolge beim Beutefang der Erdkröte (Bufo bufo L.) durch elektrische Mittelhirnreizung. Z. Vergl. Physiol. 54: 455-481

Ewert J.-P. (1970) Neural mechanisms of prey-catching and avoidance behavior in the toad (Bufo bufo L.). Brain Behav. Evol. 3(1-4): 36-56  [webLink]

Ewert J.-P. (1968) [Influence of diencephalic lesions on visuomotor responses in the prey-catching and escape behavior of the common toad (Bufo bufo L.)]. German. Abstract available. Der Einfluß von Zwischenhirndefekten auf die Visuomotorik im Beute- und Fluchtverhalten der Erdkröte (Bufo bufo L). Z. Vergl. Physiol. 61: 41-70

Ewert J.-P., Wietersheim A. v. (1974) [The influence of thalamic/pretectal lesions on the response of tectal neurons towards moving visual patterns in the common toad (Bufo bufo L.)]. German. Abstract available. Der Einfluß von Thalamus/Praetectum-Defekten auf die Antwort von Tectum-Neuronen gegenüber bewegten visuellen Mustern bei der Kröte (Bufo bufo L.). J. Comp. Physiol. 92: 149-160  [webLink]

Ewert J.-P., Hock F.J., Wietersheim A. v. (1974) [Thalamus/pretectum/tectum: retinal topography and physiological interactions in the toad (Bufo bufo L.)]. German. Abstract available. Thalamus/Praetectum/Tectum: retinale Topographie und physiologische Interaktionen bei der Kröte (Bufo bufo L.). J. Comp. Physiol. 92: 343-356 [webLink]

Ewert J.-P., Schürg-Pfeiffer E., and Schwippert W.W. (1996) Influence of pretectal lesions on tectal responses to visual stimulation in anurans – field potential, single neuron and behavior analyses. Acta Biol. Hung. 47(1-4): 89-111  [webLink]

Laming P.R., Ewert J.-P. (1983) The effects of pretectal lesions on neuronal, sustained potential shift and electroencephalographic responses of the toad tectum to presentation of a visual stimulus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 76: 247-252  [webLink]

Ewert J.-P. (1969) [Prey-catching behavior of toads (Bufo bufo L) with diencephalic and pretectal lesions in relation to moving and stationary visual stimuli]. German. Abstract available. Das Beutefangverhalten Zwischenhirn-defekter Erdkröten (Bufo bufo L.) gegeüber bewegten und ruhenden visuellen Mustern. Pflugers Arch. 306(3): 210-218 [webLink]

Finkenstädt T., Ewert J.-P. (1983) Visual pattern discrimination through interactions of neural networks – a combined electrical brain stimulation, brain lesion, and extracellular recording study in Salamandra salamandra. J. Comp. Physiol. 153: 99-110  [webLink]

Buxbaum-Conradi H., Ewert J.-P. (1995) Pretecto-tectal influences. I) What the toad's pretectum tells its tectum – an antidromic stimulation/recording study. J. Comp. Physiol. A 176: 169-180  [webLink]

Schwippert W.W., Beneke T.W., Ewert J.-P. (1995) Pretecto-tectal influences. II) How retinal and pretectal inputs to the toad's superficial tectum interact – a study of electrically evoked field potentials. J. Comp. Physiol. A 176: 181-192  [webLink]

Matsumoto N., Schwippert W.W., Beneke T.W., Ewert J.-P. (1991) Forebrain-mediated control of visually guided prey-catching in toads – investigation of striato-pretectal connections with intracellular recording/labeling methods. Behav. Processes 25: 27-40 [webLink]

Buxbaum-Conradi H., Ewert J.-P. (1999) Responses of single neurons in the toad's caudal ventral striatum to moving visual stimuli and test of their efferent projection by extracellular antidromic stimulation/recording techniques. Brain Behav. Evol. 54: 338-354 [webLink]

Laming P.R., Ewert J.-P., Borchers H.-W. (1984) Effects of telencephalic ablation on visual unit, sustained potential shift, and EEGs recorded from the toad tectum in response to a visual stimulus. Behav. Neurosci. 98(1): 118-124 [webLink]

Finkenstädt T., Ewert J.-P. (1985) Glucose utilization in the toad's brain during anesthesia and stimulation of the ascending reticular arousal system. Naturwissenschaften 72(3) 161-162
[webLink]

Ewert J.-P., Buxbaum-Conradi H., Dreisvogt F., Glagow M., Merkel-Harff C., Röttgen A., Schürg-Pfeiffer E., Schwippert W.W. (2001) Neural modulation of visuomotor functions underlying prey-catching behaviour in anurans: perception, attention, motor performance, learning. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 128(3): 417-461 [webLink]

Ewert, J.-P., Schwippert W.W. (2006) Modulation of visual perception and action by forebrain structures and their interactions in amphibians. In Levin E.D. (ed.) Neurotransmitter Interactions and Cognitive Function. Birkhäuser, pp.99-136
  [webLink]


Sensori-motor interface

Satou M., Ewert J.-P. (1985) The antidromic activation of tectal neurons by electrical stimuli applied to the caudal medulla oblongata in the toad Bufo bufo L. J. Comp. Physiol. A 157: 739-748  [webLink]

Weerasuriya A., Ewert J.-P. (1981) Prey-selective neurons in the toad's optic tectum and sensorimotor interfacing – HRP studies and recording experiments. J. Comp. Physiol. 144: 429-434  [webLink]

Ewert J.-P., Framing E.M., Schürg-Pfeiffer E., Weerasuriya A. (1990) Responses of medullary neurons to moving visual stimuli in the common toad. I) Characterization of medial reticular neurons by extracellular recording. J. Comp. Physiol. A 167: 495-508  [webLink]

Schwippert W.W., Beneke T.W., Ewert J.-P. (1990) Responses of medullary neurons to moving visual stimuli in the common toad. II) An intracellular recording and cobalt-lysine labeling study. J. Comp. Physiol. A 167: 509-520  [webLink]

Ewert, J.-P. (1985) Concepts in vertebrate neuroethology. Anim. Behav. 33(1): 1-29 [webLink]

Ewert J.-P., Schürg-Pfeiffer E., Weerasuriya A. (1984) Neurophysiological data regarding motor pattern generation in the medulla oblongata of toads. Naturwissenschaften 71: 590-591 [webLink]

Ewert J.-P. (1997) Neural correlates of key stimulus and releasing mechanism. Trends Neurosci. 20(8): 332-339  [webLink]

Modification of feature discrimination by learning

Ewert J.-P. (1992) Neuroethology of an object features relating algorithm and its modification by learning. Rev. Neurosci. 3: 45-63  

Ewert J.-P., Kehl W. (1978) Configurational prey selection by individual experience in the toad Bufo bufo. J. Comp. Physiol. 126: 105-114  [webLink]

Wang D., Ewert J.-P. (1992) Configurational pattern discrimination responsible for dishabituation in common toads Bufo bufo (L.): Behavioral tests of the predictions of a neural model. J. Comp. Physiol. A  170(3): 317-325  [webLink]

Wang D., Arbib M.A. (1992) Modeling the dishabituation hierarchy: The role of the primordial hippocampus. Biol. Cybernetics 67(6): 535-544  [webLink]

Ewert J.-P., Ingle D.J. (1971) Excitatory effects following habituation of prey-catching activity in frogs and toads. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 77: 369-374

Finkenstädt T., Ewert J.-P. (1988) Stimulus-specific long-term habituation of visually guided orienting behavior toward prey in toads – a 14C-2DG study. J. Comp. Physiol. A 163: 1-11 [webLink]

Finkenstädt T., Ewert J.-P. (1988) Effects of visual associative conditioning on behavior and cerebral metabolic activity in toads. Naturwiss. 75(2): 95-97  [webLink]

Ewert J.-P., Dinges A.W., Finkenstädt T. (1994) Species-universal stimulus responses, modified through conditioning, re-appear after telencephalic lesions in toads. Naturwissenschaften 81: 317-320  [webLink]

Dinges A.W., Ewert J.-P. (1993) Interocular transfer of visual associative memory in toads Bufo bufo spinosus. Naturwissenschaften 80: 285-286  
[webLink]

Merkel-Harff, C. (1991) [Influence of neural and prey-associated olfactory stimuli on the visual prey schema of the common toad (Bufo bufo L.)]. German.  Einfluß neuraler und beuteassoziierter olfaktorischer Reize auf das visuelle Beuteschema der Erdkröte (Bufo bufo L.): funktionelle Kartierung beteiligter Strukturen im Gehirn mit Hilfe der 14C-2DG-Technik. Dissertatio Dr. rer.nat., Abt. Neuroethologie, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Univ. Kassel

Merkel-Harff, C.,  Ewert J.-P. (1991) Learning-related modulation of toad’s responses to prey by neural loops involving the forebrain. In: Arbib MA, Ewert J.-P. (eds.) Visual Structures and Integrated Functions. Research Notes in Neural Computing Vol.3., Springer, Berlin,  pp.417-426 [webLink]

Ewert J.-P., Buxbaum-Conradi H., Glagow M., Röttgen A., Schürg-Pfeiffer E., Schwippert W.W. (1999) Forebrain and midbrain structures involved in prey-catching behaviour of toads – stimulus-response mediating circuits and their modulating loops. European J. Morphol. 37: 111-115 
[webLink]

Ewert J.-P., Buxbaum-Conradi H., Dreisvogt F., Glagow M., Merkel-Harff C., Röttgen A., Schürg-Pfeiffer E., Schwippert W.W. (2001) Neural modulation of visuomotor functions underlying prey-catching behaviour in anurans: perception, attention, motor performance, learning. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 128(3): 417-461 [webLink]


Ewert, J.-P., Schwippert W.W. (2006) Modulation of visual perception and action by forebrain structures and their interactions in amphibians. In Levin E.D. (ed.) Neurotransmitter Interactions and Cognitive Function. Birkhäuser, pp.99-136  [webLink]


Neuromodulation

Schwippert J.-P., Ewert J.-P. (1995) Effect of neuropeptide-Y on tectal field potentials in the toad. Brain Res. 669: 150-152 [webLink]

Funke S., Ewert J.-P. (2006) Neuropeptide Y suppresses glucose utilization in the dorsal optic tectum towards visual stimulation in the toad Bombina orientalis – a 14C-2DG study. Neuroci. Lett. 392(1-2): 43-46 [webLink]

Schwippert W.W., Röttgen A., Ewert J.-P. (1998) Neuropeptide Y (NPY) or fragment NPY13-36, but not NPY18-36 inhibit retino-tectal transfer in cane toads Bufo marinus. Neurosci. Lett. 253: 33-36  [webLink]

Ribbekamp, F. (2006) [Influence of neuropeptide Y on the amplitude and discharge frequency of action potentials recorded in the optic tectum from axon terminals of retinal ganglion cells of the classes R2 and R3 during visual stimulation of the red-bellied toad Bombina orientalis]. German. Über den Einfluss von Neuropeptid Y auf die Amplitude und die Entladungsrate axonterminaler Aktionspotenziale retinaler Ganglienzellen der Klasse R2 und R3 im Tectum opticum während visueller Stimulation der Rotbauchunke Bombina orientalis. Dissertation, Dr. rer. nat., Abt. Neurobiologie, Fachbereich Naturwissenschaften, Univ. Kassel
[webLink]

Glagow M., Ewert J.-P. (1997) Dopaminergic modulation of visual responses in toads. I) Apomorphine-induced effects on visually directed appetitive and consummatory prey-catching behavior. J. Comp. Physiol. A 180, 1-9  [webLink]

Glagow M., Ewert J.-P. (1997) Dopaminergic modulation od visual responses in toads. II) Influence of apomorphine on retinal ganglion cell and tectal cells. J. Comp. Physiol. A 180(1): 11-18  [webLink]

Glagow M., Ewert J.-P. (1994) Increases of excitatory receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells in common toads under apomorphine are not associated with size preference in prey-snapping. Neurosci. Lett. 173: 83-86  [webLink]

Glagow M., Ewert J.-P. (1999) Apomorphine alters prey-catching patterns in the common toad – behavioral experiments and 14C-2-deoxyglucose brain mapping studies. Brain Behav. Evol. 54: 223-242 [webLink]

Glagow M., Ewert J.-P. (1996) Apomorphine-induced suppression of prey oriented turning in toads is correlated with activity changes in pretectum and tectum - [14C]2DG studies and single cell recordings. Neurosci. Lett. 220: 215-218  [webLink]

Gernert M., Ewert J.-P. (1995) Cholinergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic influences on visually evoked field potentials in the superficial optic tectum of Bufo marinus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 112A(3/4): 387-401[webLink]

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